Candi Cangkuang: History, Function, and Structure
Introduction
Candi Cangkuang, located in Kampung Pulo, Cangkuang Village, Leles Subdistrict, Garut Regency, is a historical Hindu temple and a significant cultural landmark. Notably, it is the first temple discovered in the Sundanese region and remains the only Hindu temple in West Java. Researchers believe that this temple originated during the era of the Galuh Kingdom, one of the oldest Sundanese kingdoms. Additionally, the area holds the tomb of Embah Dalem Arief Muhammad, an Islamic leader and ancestor of the local community. Interestingly, the name “Cangkuang” originates from the abundant pandan-like plants growing around Arief Muhammad’s tomb.
History of Candi Cangkuang
The discovery of Candi Cangkuang in 1966 followed a report from 1893 by Vorderman, which described a damaged statue and the tomb of Arief Muhammad in Leles. Researchers Harsoyo and Uka Candrasasmita conducted further studies, concluding that the temple dates to the 8th century. At the time, it served as a site of worship dedicated to Shiva and other Hindu deities.
Initially, researchers uncovered scattered stones, remnants of a ruined structure, and a damaged Shiva statue. Alongside these findings, they discovered the temple’s foundation, which measured 4.5 x 4.5 meters. With this information, archaeologists began the restoration process in 1974. Over time, additional temple components, such as parts of its base, were unearthed. By 1975, the reconstruction team successfully rebuilt a portion of the temple while maintaining its original layout.
Architectural Features
Candi Cangkuang, though relatively small, showcases unique architectural characteristics. The temple rests on a square platform measuring 4.7 x 4.7 meters, with a height of 30 cm. The temple base measures 4.5 x 4.5 meters and rises 1.37 meters above the platform. Moreover, a staircase, 1.5 meters long and 1.26 meters wide, provides access to the temple’s eastern side.
The main structure of the temple is also square, measuring 4.22 x 4.22 meters with a height of 2.49 meters. Interestingly, the entrance is located on the northern side. The pinnacle of the temple comprises two levels, housing a chamber measuring 2.18 x 2.24 meters and standing 2.55 meters high.
Among the discovered artifacts, the Shiva statue stands out. The statue, seated with hands resting on its thighs, reflects the craftsmanship of its era. While its face appears flattened and its arms are missing, the intricate adornments, such as chest decorations, a waistband, and earrings, remain visible. In addition, the head of Nandi, Shiva’s sacred bull, lies in front of the statue’s left foot.
Cultural and Religious Significance
Candi Cangkuang represents a blend of Hindu and Islamic cultural influences. While the temple signifies the religious practices of the Galuh Kingdom, which prioritized Shiva worship, the nearby tomb of Arief Muhammad symbolizes the arrival and influence of Islam in the region. This combination of Hindu and Islamic heritage illustrates the region’s historical transition and the harmonious coexistence of these two traditions within Sundanese culture.
Today, Candi Cangkuang stands as a testament to Indonesia’s rich cultural diversity. Visitors not only admire its historical significance but also learn about the cultural fusion that defines the Sundanese identity.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Candi Cangkuang offers a remarkable glimpse into the region’s ancient history and cultural evolution. The temple serves as a valuable relic of the Galuh Kingdom and an enduring symbol of cultural harmony. By preserving this site, future generations can continue to celebrate the intricate history and traditions of West Java.
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References:
- Wendoris, Thomas. Mengenal Candi-Candi Nusantara. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama, 2008.
- Candrasasmita, Uka & Harsoyo. (1966). Archaeological Studies in West Java.
- Vorderman’s Report on Leles, 1893.
- Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, Indonesia. “Cultural Heritage in West Java.”
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